1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,000 It's just awesome. 2 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:04,000 You believe 100% that Cleopatra's here? 3 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:05,000 Yes. 4 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:06,000 Come on, let's go find her. 5 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:12,000 We never know until we open what is inside. 6 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:14,000 Oh, my word. 7 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:17,000 Oh, my God. 8 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:19,000 Look here, you guys see higher gifts. 9 00:00:19,000 --> 00:00:20,000 Incredible. 10 00:00:20,000 --> 00:00:21,000 What's that? 11 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:22,000 That's a skull. 12 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:24,000 Yeah, that's a human skull. 13 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:29,000 If this mommy's face could be reconstructed, 14 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:32,000 and was a match for the images that we have of Nefertiti, 15 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:34,000 what would that mean? 16 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:39,000 Are you ready to see the final result? 17 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:40,000 Very definitely, yes. 18 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:41,000 Very ready. 19 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:43,000 One, two, three. 20 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:46,000 Oh, wow. 21 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:52,000 My name is Josh Gates. 22 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:58,000 With a degree in archaeology and a passion for exploration. 23 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:02,000 I have a tendency to end up in some very strange situations. 24 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:04,000 It's just straight down. 25 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:06,000 Unbelievable. 26 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:09,000 My travels have taken me to the ends of the earth. 27 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:10,000 Oh, God. 28 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:12,000 As I investigate the greatest legends in history. 29 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:14,000 We're good to fly, let's go. 30 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:17,000 This is Expedition Unknown. 31 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:24,000 Ancient Egypt. 32 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:27,000 An empire of sand and stone. 33 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:30,000 Whose pharaohs ruled as gods. 34 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:34,000 But among the names we all know, 35 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,000 I'm on a quest to rediscover the powerful female pharaohs, 36 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:42,000 whose accomplishments were almost erased from history. 37 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:44,000 Queen Hatshepsut. 38 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:48,000 She transformed her empire with a massive construction boom, 39 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:49,000 and soaring monuments. 40 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:54,000 Then was literally overwritten in history by the stepson who succeeded her. 41 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,000 Even her name erased it from the temple. 42 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:03,000 Then I began a search for the lost remains of the legendary Queen Nefertiti, 43 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:06,000 which led me to the sprawling halls of the Egyptian Museum, 44 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:10,000 and a meeting with Egyptologist Dr. Aidan Dodson. 45 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:13,000 So mystery number one, why does everybody know the name Nefertiti? 46 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:16,000 It's partly because of her physical beauty. 47 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:20,000 A sculptured head of hers was found in the beginning of the 20th century, 48 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:22,000 and is now in Berlin. 49 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:27,000 In 1912, archaeologists unearthed a stunning bust of Nefertiti 50 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:31,000 that catapulted her to fame as the poster girl for ancient Egypt. 51 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,000 Another bust of hers sits here in the Egyptian Museum. 52 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:36,000 But while she's famous today for her beauty, 53 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:40,000 she was a central figure during Egypt's most tumultuous age. 54 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:45,000 She lived the time when pretty well everything about Egypt was thrown into the air. 55 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:47,000 Her origins are murky, 56 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:51,000 but she was likely born with in a military family closely linked to royalty, 57 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:53,000 around 1360 BC. 58 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:57,000 Now she's married to this guy. 59 00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:02,000 Indeed, this is Akinatun, who fundamentally changed the religion of Egypt. 60 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:07,000 The pharaoh Akinatun stunned his country by instituting the worship of a single sun god, 61 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:11,000 known as Akin, demoting the old gods of Egypt. 62 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:15,000 It was a decision that brought his empire to the brink of revolt, 63 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:18,000 but it wasn't his only shocking move. 64 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:25,000 During his 16th year of reign, Akinatun appointed his wife Nefertiti as co-king. 65 00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:31,000 Nefertiti becomes a pharaoh and is depicted as wielding incredible power, 66 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:35,000 commanding a royal chariot and smiting Egypt's enemies. 67 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:38,000 She mothers six daughters with Akinatun, 68 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:42,000 and it is believed that after his death, she continues to rule, 69 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:46,000 rolling back some of his harsh religious reforms to appease her people. 70 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:50,000 But shortly after, Nefertiti disappears from history, 71 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:54,000 replaced by the new pharaoh, Akinatun's son King Tut. 72 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:58,000 And so what ultimately do you think happened to her body? 73 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:00,000 That's one of the great mysteries. 74 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,000 And it's the mystery that I'm here to help solve. 75 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:11,000 In 1898, a mummy was found in the Valley of the Kings and nicknamed the Younger Lady. 76 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:16,000 Several years ago, a DNA test found her to be the mother of the legendary King Tut. 77 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:21,000 And here she is. Wow. Extraordinary. 78 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:25,000 The pharaoh Akinatun was the father of King Tut. 79 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:30,000 The mummy of the so-called Younger Lady is now proven to be the mother of King Tut. 80 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:33,000 Since Nefertiti was the great royal wife of Akinatun, 81 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:37,000 she's obviously a strong contender for the identity of this mummy. 82 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:41,000 But Akinatun also had a lesser wife named Kia. 83 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:44,000 Egyptian royal families were highly inbred. 84 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:50,000 Genetic tests done on King Tut in 2010 indicate that he's either the son of a brother and sister pairing, 85 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:54,000 or the offspring of three generations of first cousins. 86 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:58,000 And while neither Nefertiti nor Kia was Akinatun's sister, 87 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:02,000 it is entirely possible that Nefertiti fits the first cousin model. 88 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:09,000 Along with the genetics, the condition of the mummy may also offer an important clue. 89 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:14,000 Part of the upper jaw is missing and then there's this really strange hole in the head. 90 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:16,000 What do we think these are from? 91 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:20,000 Okay, starting off with the hole in the head, that's probably caused by the tomb robbers. 92 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:22,000 The face is rather different. 93 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:27,000 It was concluded that possibly the damage to the face was around the time of death. 94 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:30,000 Meaning that this woman died violently. 95 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:31,000 Yes. 96 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:33,000 Would that fit into the narrative of Nefertiti? 97 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:36,000 Well, certainly the way that she suddenly disappears from history 98 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:42,000 and the fact she is then denied a kingly burial would certainly be consistent 99 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:47,000 with her reign being ended suddenly and violently. 100 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:53,000 Now, to learn if this is in fact Nefertiti, we're about to conduct an historic experiment. 101 00:05:54,000 --> 00:06:00,000 We plan to capture a 3D image of the mummy's head and use it to reconstruct her face. 102 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:07,000 If the results resemble famous ancient depictions of Nefertiti, we may have made a positive ID. 103 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:12,000 To create the image, we'll need exclusive access to the mummy. 104 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:14,000 And after months of negotiations, 105 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:16,000 What do you give the chance to this right now? 106 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:17,000 55. 107 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:18,000 And a nerve-wracking wait. 108 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:20,000 I think this might actually happen. 109 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:26,000 The protective case around the younger lady is removed for the first time in years. 110 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:31,000 Now that the glass has been lifted, we're literally face to face with the mummy. 111 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:35,000 Okay. 112 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:36,000 Unbelievable. 113 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:39,000 Yeah, it's here properly for the first time. 114 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:43,000 It is really something. 115 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:44,000 It is. 116 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:46,000 It sort of gives you the butterflies slightly. 117 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:47,000 It does. 118 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:49,000 Well, let's see if we can figure out who she is. 119 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:50,000 Absolutely. 120 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:51,000 Are you ready? 121 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:52,000 Let's go. 122 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:56,000 This is known as an Artex spider. 123 00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:57,000 Okay. 124 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:59,000 And this is a very advanced piece of 3D imaging kit. 125 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:03,000 This thing will take hundreds and hundreds of images, and it is accurate well under millimeter accuracy. 126 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:09,000 So this will be able to give us a full 3D image of the mummy's head, 127 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:12,000 which can then be used as the basis for forensic reconstruction. 128 00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:18,000 We fire up the imaging equipment, and soon we're ready to get started. 129 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:20,000 Okay, Aiden, so you're just going to tap record there. 130 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:21,000 Okay, Ducky. 131 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:23,000 And away we go. 132 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:29,000 I carefully hover over the mummy and begin working. 133 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:35,000 So the idea here is to really just paint the mummy's light. 134 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:39,000 The device captures eight frames every second. 135 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:45,000 The computer stitches them together, and before our eyes, we see a digital version of the mummy take shape. 136 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:46,000 We're getting data. 137 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:47,000 It's looking good. 138 00:07:49,000 --> 00:07:50,000 Look at that. 139 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:51,000 See, yeah. 140 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:52,000 And we've got her ear. 141 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,000 We've even got the piercings in her ears. 142 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:55,000 It's brilliant stuff. 143 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:57,000 That is incredible. 144 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:02,000 For the Egyptian, you were never dead if your name survived. 145 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:03,000 Right. 146 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:08,000 If we can confirm this is indeed Nefertiti, we're doing her a great service in the afterlife. 147 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:09,000 She'll live forever. 148 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:13,000 It appears that we've got what we came for. 149 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:15,000 Time to wrap this mummy up. 150 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:18,000 Okay, so data is collected. 151 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:21,000 Let's stop recording, and data looks good. 152 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:27,000 This is the first in a long line of steps to create a reconstruction, but getting this raw data, that's the most important part. 153 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:28,000 Thanks, Aiden. 154 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:34,000 I leave the museum with a very real chance of resurrecting the mummy of the younger lady, 155 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:38,000 and possibly being able to look into the eyes of Nefertiti. 156 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:43,000 The next step is to take the data to a state-of-the-art 3D printing facility, 157 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:50,000 which lays down hundreds of micro-fin layers of resin to produce a perfect duplicate of the mummy's head. 158 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:56,000 Once that's done, the results will be sent to world-class facial reconstruction artist Elizabeth Deynez. 159 00:08:56,000 --> 00:09:05,000 She'll spend the next month in her studio, meticulously layering muscle and skin onto the 3D model to see the true face of the mummy. 160 00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:12,000 The results will take time, but I'm not finished exploring the mysteries of ancient Egypt's most powerful women, 161 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:16,000 including one who has been a historic icon since long before she died. 162 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:21,000 I'm moving on to the search for the tomb of the Queen of the Nile herself, Cleopatra. 163 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:32,000 She's probably the most famous woman of the ancient world, reigning over Egypt for more than 20 years. 164 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:37,000 Her life and death is the stuff of Shakespearean drama and Hollywood legend. 165 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:41,000 But there's a lot more to Cleopatra than Liz Taylor's heavy eyeliner. 166 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:47,000 Despite her historic life and her infamous death by suicide, her burial has never been found. 167 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:52,000 If it were, it could contain a tomb with riches more glittering than those of King Tut. 168 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:58,000 To find it, I'm traveling to the capital of Cleopatra's empire. 169 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:11,000 Alexandria, Egypt's Mediterranean jewel, named for the first foreign conqueror of Egypt, Alexander the Great. 170 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:16,000 Unlike the dusty desert cities to the south, Alexandria is the gateway to the Nile, 171 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:23,000 with its great harbor as vital now as in ancient days and priceless ruins like the only Roman amphitheater in Egypt. 172 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:31,000 When Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and brought it under Greek control, he left a general in charge, a guy named Ptolemy I. 173 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:35,000 He founded a dynasty that ruled for the next 300 years. 174 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:43,000 Cleopatra was the last of the Ptolemy's and the most beloved, because even though she was Greek, she embraced an Egyptian identity. 175 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:53,000 She was a queen at 17, spoke nine languages, was a skilled diplomat and had children by two of Rome's greatest generals, Julius Caesar, 176 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:58,000 and, after Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Mark Antony. 177 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,000 But Cleopatra ruled at a troubled time. 178 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:11,000 A time when Rome wanted to turn all of Egypt into a Roman colony, and when Mark Antony lost his bid to become the next emperor, 179 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:16,000 he retreated to Alexandria, where he and Cleopatra killed themselves in 30 BC. 180 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:24,000 It was a tragic ending, and yet she remains one of history's most iconic superstars, 181 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:28,000 and yet the location of her burial is a complete mystery. 182 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:33,000 To track down her final resting place, I'm meeting with Dr. Mohammed Syed, 183 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:39,000 an archaeologist with the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities, and an expert on this ancient city. 184 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:42,000 So I'm interested in the mystery of the tomb of Cleopatra. It's never been found. 185 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:43,000 Never been found, yeah. 186 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:47,000 But the ancient sources say what? They say that she killed herself where? 187 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:50,000 She, normally near her palace. 188 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:56,000 In their accounts of Cleopatra's death, the ancient historians Strabo and Plutarch 189 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:59,000 wrote that she collected her riches in her tomb. 190 00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:03,000 She then joined her treasure inside and closed the doors. 191 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:08,000 The tomb's location is unknown, but many assume it's near her palace. 192 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:10,000 So where was her palace? 193 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:15,000 Cleopatra's palace was on an island in the middle of the harbour. 194 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:19,000 The island at Antirodos was the Bel Air of Alexandria, 195 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:23,000 the most luxurious place in the most luxurious city of its age. 196 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,000 Today, not so much. 197 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:31,000 So I can't help but notice that looking across the way, I don't see any royal palaces. 198 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:35,000 I don't see an island. I don't see Cleopatra's palace. I see modern buildings. 199 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:37,000 So where is all of it? 200 00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:38,000 Actually, they are right there. 201 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:39,000 Where? 202 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:40,000 Under the water. 203 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:41,000 They're underwater. 204 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:46,000 Muhammad leads me down to the docks and a waiting dive boat. 205 00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:47,000 His plan? 206 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:51,000 To take me under the surface for a look at a one-of-a-kind excavation. 207 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:59,000 It doesn't take long to arrive at our dive site in the outer harbour, 208 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:02,000 where we're hoping the water is clear. 209 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:08,000 We don scuba gear and get ready to dive into the past. 210 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:18,000 I'm diving in the harbour of Alexandria, Egypt with archaeologist Dr. Muhammad Sayed, 211 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,000 investigating the lost tomb of Cleopatra. 212 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:26,000 Her palace, where many believe she was buried, slid into the sea in an earthquake. 213 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:31,000 And it's only a moment before we spot something from ancient history. 214 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:36,000 This is the remains of Zalatau's. 215 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:38,000 Wow! Look at that! 216 00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:41,000 Incredible! Incredible! 217 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:47,000 These massive blocks and huge columns once comprised the Lighthouse of Alexandria, 218 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:50,000 one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. 219 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:54,000 A limestone skyscraper weighing millions of tons, 220 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,000 rising to an almost 400-foot peak, 221 00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:59,000 and at the top, an oil flame, 222 00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:02,000 to create a brilliant war-like atmosphere. 223 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:06,000 But a series of earthquakes leveled the tower, and this is all that's left. 224 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:11,000 This was an obelisk! 225 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:14,000 Yes. Look here, you can see hieroglyphs. 226 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:16,000 This is the Cartouche of the King. 227 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,000 While I'd love to use all my air to explore the Lighthouse, 228 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:23,000 I'm here for a palace and hopefully a tomb. 229 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:25,000 Muhammad, who is a great man, 230 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,000 has been a great man for a long time. 231 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:31,000 I'm here for a palace and hopefully a tomb. 232 00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:33,000 Muhammad knows the way. 233 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:35,000 Go now to the Inner Harbor. 234 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:37,000 Inner Harbor, okay, here we go. 235 00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,000 We swim closer to the Inner Harbor, 236 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:44,000 where Muhammad tells me the remains of Cleopatra's palace are lying on the sandy bottom. 237 00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:49,000 The conditions this far in are as different from the Lighthouse as day and night. 238 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:52,000 Visibility is much worse here. 239 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:56,000 The boat traffic and pollution make the water a murky soup. 240 00:14:56,000 --> 00:15:01,000 But the one thing we can see is a growth that covers almost everything in sight. 241 00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:03,000 So what is this red stuff? 242 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,000 It's like a coral. 243 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:07,000 It's growing on the hard stone. 244 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:11,000 The coral only grows on stone that was once on the surface. 245 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:17,000 So wherever we see red, we're actually looking at rubble from Cleopatra's palace. 246 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:22,000 We begin to investigate the ruins. 247 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:31,000 We're down here looking for anything that could resemble a tomb. 248 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:34,000 You can see there's pottery shards everywhere. 249 00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:38,000 How much of this palace complex has been excavated? 250 00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:41,000 Not more than 2%. 251 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:43,000 2%?! That's it? 252 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:44,000 Yes. 253 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:50,000 The earthquake that sank Cleopatra's island left her palace in a thousand shattered pieces. 254 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:56,000 But I discover to my amazement and delight that not everything down here is broken. 255 00:15:57,000 --> 00:15:59,000 George, come here and look at this. 256 00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:00,000 What do you got? 257 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,000 Look at this amphora. 258 00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,000 Oh my word! 259 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:06,000 It looks intact. 260 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,000 Yeah, it's completely intact. 261 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:12,000 Incredible preservation. 262 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:18,000 This is an amphora, an ancient vessel once shipped all over the Mediterranean. 263 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:23,000 This one was protected and then revealed by the ever-shifting sands of the harbor. 264 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:27,000 The amphora will be brought topside to be conserved, 265 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:33,000 one of the thousands of precious relics to be harvested from the floor of Alexandria's harbor. 266 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:38,000 Meanwhile, beneath the surface, conditions continue to deteriorate. 267 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:42,000 If Cleopatra's tomb is here, it may take years to locate, 268 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:46,000 lost amidst the clouded ruins of a sunken island. 269 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:50,000 Do you think that Cleopatra could be buried here? 270 00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:51,000 Time will tell. 271 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:55,000 Maybe soon we'll find more evidence, like we found today. 272 00:16:55,000 --> 00:17:00,000 While Muhammad and other archaeologists continue to scour Alexandria's harbor, 273 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:05,000 I'm meeting with another expert who believes they're all looking in the wrong place. 274 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:15,000 On the way, I discover the harbor is every bit as busy on land as it is in the water. 275 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,000 I find my way into the center of the activity. 276 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:28,000 The enfuschey fish market, a frenzied operation that's not for the claustrophobic or anyone with a new pair of shoes. 277 00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,000 Local restaurants and shop owners vie for the best deals. 278 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:39,000 And they don't just politely nod and bid. 279 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,000 At this auction, whoever's the loudest wins. 280 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:48,000 That's a fresh snapper. Look at this. 281 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:50,000 Look at this fish. Kiss that fish. 282 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:51,000 There you go. 283 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:54,000 Come on. Get it out of here. Get the man's fish. 284 00:17:56,000 --> 00:18:02,000 I pocket a healthy commission and enter the heart of Alexandria and my meeting at the city library. 285 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:06,000 The local branch here is the stuff of legend. 286 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:19,000 Welcome to the library of Alexandria, version 2.0. 287 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:23,000 The original library was the center of knowledge in the ancient world, 288 00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:28,000 with hundreds of thousands of texts brought in by visitors to the city's harbor. 289 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:32,000 Tragically, the library was destroyed by years of invaders and fires, 290 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:36,000 centuries of science, literature and wisdom obliterated. 291 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:43,000 This iteration was unveiled in 2002. 292 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:48,000 The outside of the building is adorned with scripts from just about every language on Earth. 293 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:52,000 Inside, it's a jaw-dropping cathedral to the written word. 294 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:57,000 More than 2,500 people can study in here at any given time, 295 00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:03,000 which is a good thing because the library contains millions of volumes of books and manuscripts. 296 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:06,000 Sorry. 297 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:13,000 In the basement of the library, I meet up with Kathleen Martinez, 298 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:16,000 an archaeologist from the Dominican Republic in front of a bust 299 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:19,000 that many believe may be Cleopatra herself. 300 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:22,000 But we don't know for sure. 301 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:25,000 No, we're not sure until we find her tomb. 302 00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:28,000 And like everything about Cleopatra, that's a mystery. 303 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:29,000 Yes. 304 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:33,000 Now, I know that some people believe she was buried at her palace in the harbor. 305 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:34,000 No, they are wrong. 306 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:40,000 It's impossible because the palace will be the last place for her to choose. 307 00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,000 So she had to choose a place where she could hide. 308 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:49,000 What do the ancient sources tell us about her tomb? 309 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:52,000 They already say she was buried in a temple of Isis. 310 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:55,000 It's the most important goddess in ancient Egypt. 311 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,000 Before Isis became the scary word we can't say in airports, 312 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:05,000 it was the name of the powerful Egyptian goddess considered the mother of the pharaohs. 313 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:08,000 Because of this, she was believed to be the protector of Egypt, 314 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:11,000 and Cleopatra was one of her priestesses. 315 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:16,000 Isis was also a magician and she was associated with snakes. 316 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:18,000 And Cleopatra is associated with snakes as well. 317 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:21,000 Yes, she was always surrendered by snakes. 318 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:24,000 And famously, she died associated with snakes. 319 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:25,000 Yes. 320 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:31,000 She was an expert in venom and she died using a venom from a cobra. 321 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:37,000 Ancient sources indicate Mark Antony dies in Cleopatra's arms. 322 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:41,000 Now alone, she knows she'll be forced to submit to the Roman Empire, 323 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:47,000 so she withdraws into her tomb where she allows herself to be bitten on the breast by a poisonous asp. 324 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:55,000 And so to your mind, she would have entombed herself at a place associated with Isis, 325 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:57,000 the goddess associated with snakes as well. 326 00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:58,000 Exactly, yes. 327 00:20:58,000 --> 00:20:59,000 And you think you found it? 328 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:00,000 I'm convinced. 329 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:01,000 Can you show it to me? 330 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:02,000 Of course. 331 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:10,000 Kathleen and I had 25 miles west along the Mediterranean coast 332 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:12,000 to an immense compound of temples. 333 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:18,000 And perhaps the final resting place of Cleopatra. 334 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:22,000 Josh, this is Taposiris Magna. 335 00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:24,000 It's just awesome. 336 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,000 Searching for Cleopatra's lost tomb, 337 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:40,000 I've entered the ruins of a massive ancient complex with archaeologist Kathleen Martinez. 338 00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:44,000 This is your office? 339 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:45,000 Yes. 340 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:46,000 It's a nice view? 341 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,000 Yes, you can understand the whole complex from here. 342 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,000 You really can see the structure so much better. 343 00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:54,000 These are all temples? 344 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:55,000 Yes. 345 00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:59,000 Kathleen and her team are hard at work here. 346 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:05,000 They have found 14 stone bases, which once supported statues of the 14 Ptolemy pharaohs, 347 00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:10,000 as well as a temple to Horus, the son of Isis, and a temple to Osiris. 348 00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:13,000 But what about Cleopatra's beloved Isis herself? 349 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:18,000 Kathleen brings me to see evidence of a massive shrine here at Taposiris. 350 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:27,000 Including a devotional statue of Isis and an inscription marking her importance. 351 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,000 So physically linking the goddess Isis to this site? 352 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:31,000 Yes. 353 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:36,000 The presence of a temple to Isis, who Cleopatra was so strongly connected to, 354 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:38,000 is the key to Kathleen's theory. 355 00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:42,000 You believe 100% that Cleopatra's here? 356 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:43,000 Yes, I'm sure. 357 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:44,000 100%? 358 00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:45,000 Yes. 359 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:46,000 No doubt. 360 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:47,000 No doubt. 361 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:48,000 I love your confidence. 362 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:49,000 Okay, so if she is here, where is she? 363 00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:50,000 Let's go find her. 364 00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:51,000 Yeah, it's that easy? 365 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:54,000 It's not easy, but we're working hard. 366 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:56,000 Okay, come on, let's go find her. 367 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:06,000 Kathleen's team has been excavating and exploring dozens of catacombs and tunnels that run beneath the complex. 368 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:10,000 But getting down to them requires a bit of a ride. 369 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:16,000 Oh no, no, no, no, what is this contraption? 370 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:20,000 This is a bucket and this is a shaft. 371 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,000 Get out of here. 372 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:24,000 Yes. 373 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:25,000 How deep is that? 374 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:26,000 Like 100 feet. 375 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:29,000 That's literally 100 feet straight down. 376 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:30,000 That's insane. 377 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:32,000 It's really dangerous. 378 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:36,000 And also we have snakes down there. 379 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,000 You're really selling it, Kathleen. 380 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:40,000 What was this built for? 381 00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:41,000 We don't know yet. 382 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:43,000 There's tunnels that go north and south. 383 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:45,000 And this is how you get up and down? 384 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:46,000 Yes. 385 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:47,000 Okay, so how do we do it? 386 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,000 So you have to go in the bucket? 387 00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:52,000 And that's it, they will take you down. 388 00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:53,000 Just get in the bucket? 389 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:54,000 Yes. 390 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:55,000 Just get in the bucket? 391 00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:56,000 Exactly. 392 00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:57,000 It sounds so simple. 393 00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:58,000 Why aren't my feet moving? 394 00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:00,000 Just 100 feet. 395 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:01,000 Just 100 feet. 396 00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:02,000 He will help you. 397 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:03,000 Okay. 398 00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:04,000 Just in? 399 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:05,000 Yes, wait. 400 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:11,000 Okay, I'm in the bucket. 401 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:12,000 Go around. 402 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,000 Let's get this bar closed. 403 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:15,000 That's doing a lot. 404 00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:16,000 Wait a second. 405 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,000 I want to try if the engine is working. 406 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:20,000 Can you? 407 00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:21,000 What? 408 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,000 I need to know if the engine... 409 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,000 Because once you're down there... 410 00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:27,000 What the f*** are you talking about? 411 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:28,000 The engine's working. 412 00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:29,000 Is it working? 413 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:30,000 It was. 414 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:32,000 I'm standing in the bucket. 415 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:38,000 One strong pull tells us that the engine is up and running. 416 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:42,000 Once Kathleen is reasonably certain that she can bring me back up, 417 00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:44,000 I start down the shaft. 418 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:45,000 Ha, ha, ha, ha! 419 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,000 What the f***? 420 00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:50,000 One agonizing foot at a time. 421 00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:51,000 Oh, God. 422 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:52,000 Oh, boy. 423 00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:53,000 Okay. 424 00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:54,000 Oh, my God. 425 00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:56,000 Not the smoothest ride. 426 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:57,000 Oh, boy. 427 00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:58,000 Okay? 428 00:24:58,000 --> 00:24:59,000 Are you okay, Josh? 429 00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:00,000 I'm good. 430 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:01,000 Okay. 431 00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:02,000 Just don't look down. 432 00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:03,000 Okay, I'm not. 433 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:09,000 You are already half of the way. 434 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:10,000 This is crazy. 435 00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:11,000 This is crazy. 436 00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:12,000 This is crazy. 437 00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:14,000 I can see the bottom. 438 00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:15,000 Yes. 439 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:21,000 Okay, I'm down. 440 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:22,000 Okay. 441 00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:25,000 Okay, I'm out of the basket. 442 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:26,000 I'm scared. 443 00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:31,000 Finally, I reach the bottom and return the bucket so Kathleen can join me. 444 00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:33,000 The good news is I've made it safely. 445 00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:34,000 The bad news? 446 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:36,000 I'm not alone. 447 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:38,000 Snake, snake, snake, snake, snake. 448 00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:47,000 I'm descending into a deep hole beneath the Egyptian desert. 449 00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:48,000 Almost there. 450 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:51,000 Searching for the lost tomb of Cleopatra. 451 00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:54,000 I'm down. 452 00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:55,000 Okay. 453 00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:58,000 Okay, I'm out of the basket. 454 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,000 While I'm hoping the queen of the Nile herself may be down here, 455 00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,000 right now I have another concern. 456 00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:10,000 Snake, snake, snake, snake, snake, snake. 457 00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:13,000 While not one of Cleopatra's treasured asps, 458 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,000 it's still a venomous snake. 459 00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:20,000 Fortunately, it slithers off before having a bite. 460 00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:25,000 I anxiously scan the ground for more guests, 461 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:29,000 while archaeologist Kathleen Martinez takes her turn in the bucket 462 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:31,000 and is lowered into the tunnel. 463 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:32,000 Hi. 464 00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:33,000 Hi. 465 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,000 So we definitely have a snake down here. 466 00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:37,000 Where? 467 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:38,000 Behind you. 468 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:40,000 It just went into a crack in the wall. 469 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:41,000 Oh, we have to be careful. 470 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:43,000 The weather is still too hot. 471 00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:46,000 This is why we still have many snakes around. 472 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:49,000 So keep your eyes open. 473 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:50,000 Yes. 474 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:51,000 Okay. 475 00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:52,000 After you, come on. 476 00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:57,000 Kathleen leads the way, 477 00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:59,000 and soon we reach a large chamber 478 00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:01,000 which her team is in the process of excavating 479 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:05,000 in hopes of finding some clue or connection to Cleopatra. 480 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:07,000 Is there another potter over there? 481 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:10,000 Yeah, look at that. 482 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:15,000 Oh, that's wonderful. 483 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:16,000 Part of a handle? 484 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:17,000 Yes. 485 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:18,000 Oh, look at that. 486 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,000 You never know what is beneath the sand. 487 00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:25,000 Can you help me here? 488 00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:26,000 Yeah. 489 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:29,000 We clear the debris and expose several large blocks 490 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:33,000 until we realize that one of them is more than just a stone. 491 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:34,000 What is that? 492 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:35,000 That's a mirror. 493 00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:36,000 Is that a head? 494 00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:37,000 Can you take it off? 495 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,000 Oh, my God, it's the head of a sphinx. 496 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:43,000 It's a sphinx? 497 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:44,000 Yes. 498 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,000 That is the head of a sphinx. 499 00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:48,000 Get the hell out of here. 500 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:49,000 Look at that. 501 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:50,000 This is the ear? 502 00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:51,000 Yes. 503 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:53,000 This is the edge of the headdress, right? 504 00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:54,000 Yes. 505 00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:55,000 Face would have been here? 506 00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,000 Yes, it has been chisel. 507 00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:58,000 And there's the other ear? 508 00:27:58,000 --> 00:27:59,000 Yes. 509 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:00,000 Holy. 510 00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:04,000 In ancient Egypt, the figure of the sphinx 511 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:07,000 was used to guard royal tombs and holy sites. 512 00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:11,000 Could this sphinx have been guarding the tomb of Cleopatra? 513 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:17,000 Look at that. 514 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:18,000 High five. 515 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:19,000 This is really important. 516 00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:24,000 We return to the surface, if only briefly. 517 00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,000 Just outside of the complex walls, 518 00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,000 Kathleen's team has uncovered a massive necropolis, 519 00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:31,000 a city of the dead. 520 00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:32,000 So these are all tombs? 521 00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:33,000 Yes. 522 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:37,000 We have cleaned and excavated 15 catacombs so far. 523 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:38,000 Incredible. 524 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:42,000 And this is one that we are working right now. 525 00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:43,000 Wow. 526 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:44,000 Oh. 527 00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:49,000 This is Kathleen's latest find. 528 00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:54,000 It's a present from history just waiting to be opened. 529 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,000 We're going to open this tomb right now. 530 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,000 And we're going to see what is inside. 531 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:00,000 Yes, let's do it. 532 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:04,000 We carefully remove the stones blocking our way 533 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,000 into the inner chamber. 534 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:08,000 The crypt, sealed since the time of the pharaohs, 535 00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,000 could literally contain anything, 536 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:14,000 including the lost tomb of Cleopatra. 537 00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:17,000 Wow. 538 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:27,000 We barely make it into the chamber before Kathleen's eyes 539 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:30,000 latch on to the real prize in this crypt. 540 00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:32,000 But look at that. 541 00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:34,000 It's a sealed chamber. 542 00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:35,000 Wow. 543 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,000 Have you found many that are sealed like this? 544 00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:38,000 No, this is unique. 545 00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:40,000 And look, we have a cobra, 546 00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:43,000 which means it's from the time of Cleopatra. 547 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:45,000 Could it be Cleopatra? 548 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:48,000 We never know until we open what is inside. 549 00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:51,000 Let's see where this leads to. 550 00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:59,000 We have an endoscopic camera that allows us to pier inside the tomb 551 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:01,000 before we disturb anything fragile. 552 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:04,000 It is called, appropriately enough, a snake cam. 553 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:06,000 So here we go. 554 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:09,000 Okay, camera's going in. 555 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:11,000 Look at that. 556 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:12,000 Is it pottery? 557 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:13,000 Yes. 558 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:14,000 Funerary pottery? 559 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:15,000 Yes. 560 00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:17,000 And back there. 561 00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:20,000 What's that? 562 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:21,000 I can't see clearly. 563 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:22,000 I don't know. 564 00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,000 That's a skull. 565 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:28,000 Yeah, that's a human skull. 566 00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,000 At a dig site near Alexandria, Egypt, 567 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:44,000 archaeologist Kathleen Martinez and I 568 00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:46,000 have just opened an ancient crypt. 569 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:48,000 Now, using a high-tech camera, 570 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:50,000 we're carefully peering inside. 571 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:52,000 Looks like that's a skull. 572 00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:54,000 Look at that buried in the sand. 573 00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:57,000 That's a human skull. 574 00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:58,000 Yes. 575 00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,000 Oh, my word. 576 00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:04,000 So, now what? 577 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:07,000 We need to remove these blocks and see 578 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:09,000 and excavate. 579 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,000 Yeah, let's get inside. 580 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:20,000 Oh, my God. 581 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,000 You can see two skulls? 582 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:23,000 Unbelievable. 583 00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:25,000 Another skull. 584 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:31,000 There are two bodies together in this crypt, 585 00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:33,000 but no royal implements. 586 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:34,000 It's not her. 587 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,000 Not the last pharaoh of Egypt. 588 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:38,000 Still, it's an amazing find. 589 00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:43,000 They were rich because we have wine jar, beer jar. 590 00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:45,000 It's very beautiful, decorated. 591 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:47,000 And who do you think the people were 592 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:48,000 that were buried out here? 593 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:52,000 This whole temple was Holy Land. 594 00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:53,000 Right. 595 00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:55,000 So, only very important people 596 00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:57,000 get to have a catacomb here. 597 00:31:57,000 --> 00:32:02,000 And the burials are pointing to the temple itself. 598 00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:05,000 So, they are protecting somebody. 599 00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:07,000 Very important inside the temple. 600 00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:10,000 Kathleen may be right. 601 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,000 And if so, it's only a matter of time 602 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:15,000 before she finds Cleopatra and makes history. 603 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:18,000 Why do you think it's so important to find her? 604 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:22,000 Cleopatra was the last chapter of ancient Egypt. 605 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:26,000 She was one of the most extraordinary women in history. 606 00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:30,000 The ancient Egyptians speak to us through their tombs. 607 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:32,000 So, inside Cleopatra's tomb, 608 00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:34,000 it would be like meeting her in person. 609 00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:37,000 She would tell us her own story. 610 00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:40,000 Well, I certainly hope that story gets told. 611 00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:42,000 It's a matter of time. 612 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:43,000 I love that confidence. 613 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:45,000 Kathleen, thank you so much. 614 00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,000 This was absolutely amazing. 615 00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:50,000 The dig at Tapasiris is just ramping up. 616 00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:53,000 And I have a feeling I'll be visiting again soon. 617 00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:55,000 Hopefully, for a major announcement. 618 00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:57,000 In the meantime, though, 619 00:32:57,000 --> 00:33:00,000 I don't have to wait for news of a breakthrough 620 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:03,000 on our investigation into Queen Nefertiti. 621 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:05,000 Our forensic reconstruction of the mummy 622 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,000 in the Egyptian Museum is complete. 623 00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:11,000 And if it aligns to ancient images of Nefertiti, 624 00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:14,000 we may have a major discovery. 625 00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:18,000 So, I bid farewell to Egypt 626 00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:20,000 and fly to see the results, 627 00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:22,000 which are waiting in Paris, France. 628 00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:31,000 Ah, Paris. 629 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:34,000 The city of Lights feels a million miles away 630 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:36,000 from the dusty deserts of Giza. 631 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,000 And I eagerly make my way across town 632 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:41,000 to a reunion with Egyptologist Aidan Dodson. 633 00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:43,000 Aidan, hi, Josh. How are you, man? 634 00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:44,000 Great to see you. 635 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,000 Great to see you too. How have you been? 636 00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:47,000 Not too bad. 637 00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:49,000 A bit different today from when we last saw each other in Egypt. 638 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,000 A little chillier, but that's Europe for you, right? 639 00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:52,000 Yeah. 640 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:53,000 Are you excited to see the results? 641 00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:54,000 Very much. 642 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:55,000 I mean, I'm beside myself. 643 00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:56,000 Indeed. 644 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:57,000 Let's get in there. 645 00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:59,000 Nearby, we find the entrance to Atelier Danez, 646 00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:02,000 the studio where our mummy is being reconstructed. 647 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:03,000 Bonjour. 648 00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:04,000 Hello. 649 00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:06,000 Elizabeth, I'm Josh. 650 00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:07,000 Nice to meet you. 651 00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:08,000 Nice to meet you too. 652 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,000 Pleasure to see you. 653 00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:10,000 Nice to meet you. 654 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:11,000 Aidan. 655 00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:12,000 Elizabeth. 656 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:13,000 This is an amazing place. 657 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:14,000 Welcome in my studio. 658 00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:18,000 This is my workshop where I create my reproductions. 659 00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:20,000 Elizabeth Danez is one of the world's 660 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:22,000 foremost reconstruction artists. 661 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,000 Her studio is packed with hundreds of skulls, 662 00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:27,000 plaster molds, body parts, 663 00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:29,000 and breathtaking sculptures. 664 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:32,000 It feels a little bit like the underside of Westworld. 665 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:35,000 And so once Aidan and I collected this data 666 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:38,000 from the mummy in Cairo, what happened to it? 667 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:41,000 The data you collected was sent to a facility in Colorado 668 00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:45,000 where it was then turned into a three-dimensional model. 669 00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:50,000 3D Systems is a leader in cutting-edge printed models. 670 00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,000 They took the comprehensive facial map that we captured 671 00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:54,000 in the Egyptian Museum, 672 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:56,000 and then used hundreds of layers of resin 673 00:34:56,000 --> 00:35:00,000 to print a virtually identical duplicate of the mummy's head. 674 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:04,000 And this is what they made. 675 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:05,000 This. 676 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,000 Oh, look at this. 677 00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:12,000 It is an exact replica of the mummy's head in Cairo. 678 00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:14,000 Can I pick this up? 679 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:15,000 Yeah, sure. 680 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:19,000 Wow, look at that. 681 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,000 I mean, it is exact. 682 00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:24,000 Really every single detail of the actual mummy. 683 00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,000 Even down to the linen stuffed in the mouth, 684 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:29,000 and you even got the remains of the wrapping 685 00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:31,000 just still stuck to the face. 686 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:32,000 Wow. 687 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:34,000 So we can now actually examine this hold and look at it, 688 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:36,000 which of course we can't do with the real thing. 689 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:38,000 Right, it allows us to take the mummy out of the case. 690 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:41,000 So Elizabeth, we have this extraordinary model. 691 00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:45,000 Where do you take this from here to help reconstruct the face? 692 00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:46,000 The first work. 693 00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:49,000 It's a very involved process. 694 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:53,000 First, I had to prepare the skull and cut open the jaw 695 00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:55,000 to properly reset it. 696 00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:58,000 I then worked closely with a forensic paleopathologist 697 00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:01,000 from the Institute of Criminology 698 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:04,000 to determine accurate muscle and skin. 699 00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:07,000 These markers indicate soft tissue depth. 700 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:10,000 Once Elizabeth has a guide map for the soft tissue, 701 00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:13,000 she begins to sculpt on top of the printed skull with clay, 702 00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:17,000 carefully adhering to the markers that dictate the shape of the face. 703 00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:21,000 Once complete, silicone is poured over the clay. 704 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:24,000 Then it's encased in plaster to create a mold. 705 00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:27,000 Eventually, a silicone bust emerges. 706 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:30,000 Elizabeth then begins to delicately paint the skin 707 00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:32,000 to add realism to the model. 708 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:35,000 How long did the reconstruction process take you? 709 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,000 About 500 hours. 710 00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:38,000 500 hours? 711 00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:39,000 Wow. 712 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:42,000 Are you ready to see the final result? 713 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,000 Very definitely, yes. 714 00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:45,000 Very ready. 715 00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:46,000 Okay. 716 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:47,000 Lead on. 717 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:56,000 Okay. 718 00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:57,000 Can you help me? 719 00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:58,000 Yes, this is it. 720 00:36:58,000 --> 00:36:59,000 It's a moment of truth. 721 00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:00,000 Moment of truth. 722 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:01,000 You ready? 723 00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:02,000 Here we go. 724 00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:06,000 One, two, three. 725 00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:10,000 Oh, my God. 726 00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:19,000 The time has finally come. 727 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:23,000 Using our 3D imaging of the younger lady mummy from the Egyptian museum, 728 00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:26,000 forensic reconstruction artist Elizabeth Danez 729 00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:30,000 has created what may be the face of Queen Nefertiti herself. 730 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:31,000 This is it. 731 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:33,000 It's a moment of truth. 732 00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:34,000 You ready? 733 00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:35,000 Here we go. 734 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:39,000 One, two, three. 735 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:45,000 Oh, my God. 736 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:48,000 Look at that. 737 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,000 That is amazing. 738 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,000 Elizabeth, she is beautiful. 739 00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:58,000 This is extraordinary. 740 00:37:58,000 --> 00:37:59,000 Absolutely stunning. 741 00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:01,000 This is like reaching back in time 742 00:38:01,000 --> 00:38:03,000 and pulling someone forward into the light. 743 00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:06,000 You know, it's, it's, this is a real person. 744 00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,000 Only one question remains. 745 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:11,000 Elizabeth, you're going to be a real person. 746 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:14,000 Elizabeth, you're going to be a real person. 747 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:16,000 Only one question remains. 748 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:19,000 Is this the face of Nefertiti? 749 00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:22,000 I think when you look at the bone structure 750 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:24,000 and the basic forms under there 751 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:27,000 fits in with the historic images. 752 00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:30,000 And I've got a few of those here. 753 00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:33,000 We start off with the classic one, 754 00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:35,000 which is the Berlin. 755 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,000 The ultimate image of Nefertiti. 756 00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:39,000 Look at the features. 757 00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:40,000 Look at the lips. 758 00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:41,000 Look at the jawline. 759 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:43,000 The placement of the eyes even. 760 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:46,000 There are these incredible similarities. 761 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:49,000 When you take the profile of this one 762 00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:52,000 and you put on the top of the bust of Berlin 763 00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:55,000 is very consistent. 764 00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:57,000 In fact, the reconstruction also bears 765 00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,000 strong similarities to the bust in Cairo 766 00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:03,000 and depictions in other museums around the world. 767 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:06,000 While the shape and features of Elizabeth's reconstruction 768 00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:08,000 are forensically accurate, 769 00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:11,000 the skin tone is more hypothetical. 770 00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:14,000 Ancient Egypt was ethnically diverse, 771 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,000 a melting pot of cultures from within Africa 772 00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,000 all the way to the Near East. 773 00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,000 Since Nefertiti's parentage is a matter of debate, 774 00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:24,000 the skin tone of the famed Berlin bust, 775 00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:27,000 which was crafted in Nefertiti's era, 776 00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,000 was used for reference. 777 00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:33,000 And so, Aidan, professional opinion, 778 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:34,000 what do you think? 779 00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:36,000 Before we even saw this, 780 00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,000 I was pretty convinced by the genetics 781 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:40,000 that the younger lady was Nefertiti. 782 00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:43,000 Now, having seen the face 783 00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:46,000 change that of a real woman rather than merely a mummy, 784 00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:49,000 my views are further reinforced. 785 00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:52,000 I think we are indeed looking at the face of Nefertiti. 786 00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:59,000 Thousands of years after her death, she's here with us. 787 00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:01,000 It's extraordinary. 788 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:09,000 Enduring for over 5,000 years, 789 00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:12,000 the story of Egypt is longer and deeper 790 00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:15,000 than the Nile that sustains this land of mystery. 791 00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:18,000 But after weeks exploring in its deserts 792 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:19,000 and on its waterways, 793 00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:23,000 I'm now realizing that we've only been getting half of that story. 794 00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:28,000 The other half, the one that tells of the great women of Egypt, 795 00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:30,000 has been buried for too long. 796 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:33,000 Now, like so many of Egypt's secrets, 797 00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:37,000 dedicated explorers are digging it up for all to learn. 798 00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:40,000 I've seen how Hachepsut's name 799 00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:43,000 belongs alongside kafre and ramesses 800 00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:46,000 as one of the great builders in history. 801 00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:49,000 And I've learned that Cleopatra was a heroic martyr 802 00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:53,000 too important to be defined by the men that were enthralled by her. 803 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:57,000 And I've learned that Nefertiti, 804 00:40:57,000 --> 00:41:01,000 known for so long as only a standard of exotic beauty, 805 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:04,000 actually ruled Egypt as a pharaoh. 806 00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:07,000 As for the younger lady, 807 00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:09,000 her mummy was cast off and desecrated, 808 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,000 her identity lost. 809 00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:15,000 Technology and artistry have helped us reach into the past 810 00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:17,000 and restore her face. 811 00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:20,000 It bears an uncanny resemblance to Nefertiti herself, 812 00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:24,000 giving us the chance to gaze into the eyes of an icon. 813 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:28,000 And see more than just a beauty, 814 00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,000 but someone real, complex and substantial. 815 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:34,000 A great woman of Egypt.